Winter Driving Survival

• Expect the unexpected! Carry a winter driving survival kit.

• Always check local weather forecasts and information on road conditions.

• Make sure your car is in proper working condition, especially brakes, windshield wipers, and defroster/heater. Also check that headlamps, turn signals, and taillights are unobstructed by snow and ice.

• Check antifreeze levels and make sure your windshield wiper fluid has antifreeze in it. Add gas-line antifreeze to the fuel tank when refueling in extremely cold weather.

• Check your tires. Are they properly inflated? Are the treads in good condition? If you may be traveling through snow, you should have, at a minimum, all-season radials. Snow tires are recommended.

• Carry tire chains if you don’t have winter snow tires. It doesn’t do any good if you can’t get them on or off your vehicle, though, so make sure you know how to use them and have the proper tools.

• Always keep your gas tank at least half full.

• When clearing off your car, do the whole thing, not just a little peephole in the windshield. Make sure every glass surface is clear and transparent; your side-view mirrors and all lights should be brushed and cleared as well.

• Keep extra windshield wiper fluid in your trunk.

• Check engine oil, especially before long trips. Cars use more oil in the winter. Use winter weight oil (5W-30).

By the time the Stolpas crossed from California into Nevada, some ten miles east of the town of Cedarville, Jim thought the worst of the driving was behind them. So he went out and removed the chains from the tires so they could make better time. I can’t blame them for this decision; most of us would do the same. But the next question is, why wouldn’t he put them back on once the snow hit again?

And it did, with a vengeance. A full-blown blizzard was soon raging. Mounds of snow stretched across the road. After they passed the ghost town of Vya, Nevada, Highway 299 turned to gravel and became Washoe County Road 8A, a seldom-used track that cut through the high desert and rugged mountains of northwestern Nevada. Jim should have quickly realized that the tire chains were vital to their safety. Yet he never managed to put them back on the truck. It may be that they were too tight, Jim too inexperienced in their use, or the weather too bad. Whatever the case, the chains never made it back onto the tires, where they belonged.

Visibility was near zero. The drifts across the road became bigger and more frequent. Still the family forged ahead. Soon after dark, though, they got stuck in deep snow and were unable to get themselves out. The Stolpas were stuck, a blizzard was raging outside, and night had fallen.

With light gone and the truck stuck in deep snow, the Stolpas decided to spend the night in their vehicle. At this point, digging the truck out of the snow was an option, far easier than it would be the following morning, after the blizzard had raged all night. I imagine the couple was exhausted from their journey, though, so sleeping a little and waiting for light to break was the right decision. It was not a comfortable night, though. The wind howled and drove sub-zero air through every nook and cranny of the truck. Luckily, they had lots of gas and could occasionally start the vehicle to generate heat. They were also convinced someone would drive by in the morning.

As the dawn of morning turned to full-blown daylight, the Stolpas were horrified to find that they were in the middle of what seemed to be vast wilderness. Indeed, the Stolpas had stumbled into the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, more than half a million acres of rugged wilderness. The refuge is closed in the winter. Not surprisingly, there was no sign of other travelers on the deserted mountain road.

With virtually no tools, Jim and Jennifer tried to dig the truck out of the deep snow by hand, a brutal task at the best of times. Jim finally decided to try to attach the chains to the tires, to no avail. He realized he would have more luck by jacking up each wheel,

but there was no jack to be found in their ill-equipped vehicle. They laid the chains out in the snow to gain some traction, but the truck only moved a few feet before becoming stuck yet again. Had he carried a shovel, Jim could have dug out the truck, then rammed the vehicle’s floor mats, some towels, clothes, or blankets under the tires to give the truck some traction in the snow. They were not that prepared. They might even have been able to use rocks, gravel, branches, or tree limbs to gain a foothold under the tires. They didn’t.

So the Stolpas made another fateful decision: they would stay with the vehicle in the hopes that help would find them. But it was an ill-advised decision, particularly in light of the meager supplies they carried. They had enough fuel, blankets, and sleeping bags to keep themselves warm in the short term, but their food was limited to some baby food, cookies, a fruitcake, a bag of corn chips, and a jar of prenatal vitamins. Unbelievably, Jenn would not eat the fruitcake because she didn’t like it. It was a shortsighted and foolish position; there is no room for pickiness in a survival situation. I’m sure her feelings would have changed as real hunger set in, but she didn’t have the chance, because Jim had already finished it. It was a selfish move on his part; he should have saved half the cake for his wife in hopes that she would eventually accept it.

The first day passed, and amazingly, it seems the Stolpas did little to try to attract rescue or improve their situation, which, in light of the circumstances, completely perplexes me. Even worse, they didn’t seem (or at least made no mention in subsequent interviews) to take the time to realistically assess their situation. Assessment is an extremely important part of any survival emergency, and the Stolpas seemed to ignore it completely, at least for the first few days of their ordeal.

Once they realized they were not going to be rescued by another driver, the Stolpas could have gone into full-blown survival mode and scoured the truck for anything and everything they could use to their benefit. Their first task should have been to try to attract attention to themselves, which they never did. Had I been in that situation, I would have used the truck’s spare tire to make a smoky fire, which may increase your chances of being seen.

Start by siphoning gas from the truck’s gas tank, a tricky proposition at the best of times. You need a long, thin hose about the diameter of a thick pen. Put one end of the hose down into the gas tank and suck on the tube until the gas begins to flow out the top end of the tube. There is a real danger of swallowing gas here, so suck without inhaling, using only the suction power of your mouth cavity. Most “old-timers” know how to do it and can tell you that they have tasted a lot of gas in their day. Once the gas flows freely out the top end of the tube (and you’ve stopped choking from the dribbles of gas in your mouth), you have created a suction flow. The gas will drain out of the tank and into your receptacle.

Car Survival Kit

A car survival kit is a must in every vehicle, but is even more important if you live in or travel through areas of remote wilderness or extreme weather, where the risk of ending up in a survival situation is much greater. It may seem like a bit of overkill, because nobody ever expects to be caught in an emergency. We all think it can’t happen to us, but it can.

You don’t have to spend a lot of money on an expensive kit to equip your car for a survival situation. Bring the following:

• a way to be spotted (flares, flashlight, lightsticks) and extra batteries

• a way to get warm (lighter and strike-anywhere matches in waterproof case)

• a way to keep warm (blankets, extra clothes, sleeping bag, survival candles)

• bandana

• belt knife with strong blade

• cell phone

• compass

• cook set, cook stove, and fuel

• cup (metal, collapsible, for boiling water)

• drinking water (enough for every person in the vehicle)

• food (including energy bars

jumper cables

• local road maps

• multi-tool or Swiss Army–style knife (with small saw blade)

• orange garbage bags (1–2, large, for signaling)

• painkillers (a few)

• parachute cord or similar rope (approximately 25 feet, ¼-inch thick)

• shovel (collapsible or folding)

• tarp

• tire chains

• toilet paper

• tools, such as ax, hatchet, pliers, screwdriver, and/or wrench

• whistle

• Ziploc bags

Lay the tire down flat, then pour gasoline into the inside trough of the tire. If you’ve got a lighter or matches, great. Light the gasoline and watch the tire burn. Take note that this also is dangerous, depending on how much gas you have in the tire. And remember that it’s the fumes that ignite, not the liquid itself. So even a spark near the fumes will cause the gas to “explode” into flame.

If you’re not lucky enough to have matches or a lighter, then it’s a spark you need. Simply remove the battery from the car and attach jumper cables to its positive and negative terminals. The cables now have power running through them; tapping the free ends of the cables will create sparks. Send some sparks toward the gas on the tire—aiming for the fumes, not the liquid. Eventually, the gas will ignite in a large bang, so be ready for it and keep everyone back a few paces for safety. ’t stop here, though. The bigger the fire, the greater your chances it will be seen. Grab any trees, brush, or bushes you can find and add them to the fire. Young trees create more smoke than old, dry ones.

Jim and Jenn were hampered by the fact that neither one of them took a leadership role. I realize it can be difficult when it’s a husband and wife and there’s an infant in the mix as well, but even in a group as small as two people, one person has to take over and lead, make the tough decisions. Somebody needs to consider the big picture—assess and plan. In this case, I think it should have been Jim, who had military training and was actually working in the army at the time. But he didn’t, at least not at the beginning.

As their first full day alone turned to darkness, the Stolpas knew they would be spending another frigid night in the truck. Finally, Jim and Jennifer’s survival instincts kicked in. They discussed the possibility of walking to seek help, began to ration what little food they had left, and even discussed aspects of the survival training Jim had in boot camp. With little baby formula left, Jennifer tried to nurse Clayton, whom she had been weaning off breastfeeding. They ran the engine intermittently through the night for heat, using the truck’s headlights during these times to flash sos in Morse code. The storm still raged outside, blanketing the ground around them in a deep cover of snow.

In situations like this, the common thinking is to stay with the vehicle. Often, this is the best choice. But this was a classic case where staying put was not the best thing to do. The Stolpas determined from their road map that they were in the wildlife refuge. Given this information, they should have figured it was likely that very few people would pass their way in good weather, let alone in the wake of a winter storm.

Had he made this assessment, Jim likely would have realized that heading back the way they came, for help on the very first day—when they still had food and enough fuel in the truck to keep Jennifer and Clayton nourished and warm—was the right thing to do. Like so many other people, though, Jim rigidly followed the heavily preached mantra of staying put. He wasn’t the first, and certainly won’t be the last, person to make this mistake. People will stubbornly stay put like good soldiers, even when circumstances clearly dictate otherwise. This is why assessment is so important in survival situations.

Day two came and went, as did day three. As the fourth morning in the truck dawned, Jim and Jennifer’s food ran out, despite the rationing. Jim realized they could not rely on waiting anymore, especially since the truck was getting dangerously low on fuel. To review: four days—four days!—with virtually no food and making no attempt to get out. It would seem the Stolpas were crippled by a stubborn “wait for someone else to rescue us” notion. Even if the weather was terrible, they still waited too long to affect their own survival. At a minimum, they should have tried harder to signal for help.

Jim’s original plan was to go by himself, leaving Jennifer and Clay in the truck. But Jenn would have none of it. They were a family and would travel together. They decided to walk east toward Highway 140, which they determined to be some twenty miles away. It was now Saturday, January 2.

The most serious issue was that they were attempting a trek based on the unknown. They would head across land twenty miles instead of heading fifty miles back in the direction they knew. I wasn’t there, but I think I know what my decision would’ve been: to head back along the path I knew. It is the only sure bet in a dangerous situation. Taking the risk, in their state, was not a good choice. Better to follow the adage “go with what you know.”

Before they set out, they wrote extensively in Jenn’s diary, detailing their ordeal to that point and their plan to walk to safety. Like the Robertsons before them, they even wrote rudimentary wills, another action I find difficult to believe. Consider some of the other great stories of survival I’ve chosen for this book: Yossi Ghinsberg, Nando Parrado, Douglas Mawson. These people didn’t spend time writing wills and obsessing about dying. They dedicated their mental energies to thoughts of living, surviving, reaching safety. Even Chris McCandless waited until he knew he was going to die before he wrote his own epitaph. By comparison, Jim and Jennifer seemed to have little, if any, survival instinct, and at this point at least, they displayed a weak will to live.

As they got ready to head out, their lack of preparation once again reared its ugly head. They had very few warm clothes with them, an unforgivable oversight given that they were driving into a winter storm. But to their credit, they made do with what little they had. Jim had no long underwear, so he donned a pair of his wife’s stockings instead. They pulled on as many pairs of socks as they could find and wrapped their feet in plastic bags before putting on their sneakers. Jim and Jennifer realized their feet would suffer dearly on the walk through the snow, but did nothing more to protect themselves, when the truck offered a host of resources that could have eased their future suffering.

It’s not easy to systematically destroy your vehicle, but once they decided to head out on their own, there was no reason to keep the truck in one piece. To protect their feet in this situation, they could have dismantled the truck’s seats. When cut to size and shape, the foam cushions make well-insulated snowshoes. Seat covers can be used to cover the snowshoes, and seat-belt webbing is perfect for securing the shoes to your feet. These would not only have kept their feet warm, but would have facilitated walking over the deep snow they were about to encounter.

Yet the bounty of a truck doesn’t stop there. Wiring proves a useful substitute for twine, to tie things. Hubcaps can be used as eating or drinking vessels, or even for digging. And side or rearview mirrors are great signaling devices.

In situations such as these, layering clothing is another important survival strategy. Wearing just one heavy item of clothing will invariably promote sweating, which is the last thing you want to have happen in cold-weather conditions, since the moisture on your skin will cause you to cool off quickly. Someone once said, “You sweat, you die.” You’re much better off to wear several layers of lighter clothing; this way, you can easily peel off layers as your level of effort increases, preventing sweat.

When it came to Clayton, the Stolpas had to be a bit more creative. They bundled the infant in all his clothes, stuffed him inside two sleeping bags, then zipped him into Jim’s garment bag, which Jim pulled behind him like a sled.

From what I can tell, the Stolpas didn’t melt any water to bring along with them on their journey, which would have been very easy, given that they were generating lots of heat with the truck. Figuring out what to use as a container would have been more challenging, but possible.

Jim’s last action before heading out was to leave left a note on the truck’s dashboard:

To Our Potential Rescuers

If we are already dead don’t mind the rest of this letter. But if we are nowhere to be found we have started walking to 140 as it appears the closest place to find help.

Sincerely, The Stolpa FamilyP.S. Our final destination is Denio.

P.P.S. We are carrying with us a 5-month-old baby. HELP! so much is missing from this note. How many were in the family? Did they have food? Supplies? Was anyone injured? How old were they? Who should be called? In short, this note is woefully inadequate and offers little helpful information for potential rescuers.

In most cases, leaving the truck might have been a calculated risk. But it wasn’t in this instance, since the Stolpas apparently made no calculations regarding their situation. They sat and waited when they should have been taking proactive measures to ensure their survival. They only made a move when it seemed they had no other choice. Jim would later say that saving his child was the driving force behind leaving the truck and seeking rescue. Thank goodness something finally welled up inside them to elicit a response!

The going was tough from the outset. The snow was waist deep in places, but the day was clear and bright, and at least they could see where they were going. They hiked for hours and their feet began to get very cold, but eventually they came to a fork in the road and a sign that read hell creek. There was no such place on their map, so they took a chance and chose what they thought was the right path. They continued to trudge through the snow, pushing eastward. Little did they know they were now walking along an off-road trail and were headed deeper into the wilderness—away from safety.

With no water on hand, the Stolpas’ only choice was to eat snow. Most survival experts will say this is the wrong thing to do, as it reduces body temperature and consumes precious calories during warming, but I disagree. I believe that, given the vital role that water plays in survival, it’s okay to eat snow if it’s early in the day and you’re working hard. There is little chance that the occasional mouthful of snow is going to cool you when you’re trudging through knee-high snow. Sure, it’s better to drink water. But given the alternative—dehydration—I’ll take my chances eating snow. The Inuit people of Canada eat snow all the time, and they know a thing or two about surviving in the cold. You have to be careful about doing it late in the day, though, when you’re tired and the weather begins to turn colder. Your defenses start shutting down as evening sets in, and eating snow can do more harm than good.

The day was growing late, but Jim wisely kept Jennifer moving. From looking at their road map, Jim was convinced that the road they were seeking could not be far off. Using this as their motivation, Jim and Jennifer pressed on, up one last hill. The road, they thought, would either be right below or, at a minimum, visible from the top. Exhausted and freezing, the Stolpas finally crested the hill that stood between them and their expected salvation. But when they reached the top, they were shocked to see nothing but more snow-covered hills stretching in every direction toward the horizon. They had been hiking for more than twelve hours—in the wrong direction

The direness of their situation was worsened when they realized that Clayton had not made a sound for quite some time. It took a while to muster the courage, but Jim finally opened the suit bag to find the baby safe and sound. It’s almost inconceivable to me that they didn’t open the bag immediately to check on their child, yet the scare seemed to harden them to the grim reality of their situation and increase their collective will to live. I wonder how well they would have fared had they not had Clayton with them.

Baby Clayton Takes Care of Himself

Babies like Clayton cannot shiver to keep themselves warm, so the body uses other mechanisms to generate heat and survive in cold conditions. As a baby’s body cools, it diverts blood from its extremities to its vital organs. Special cells convert what’s known as brown fat directly into heat. In essence, babies enter a state of suspended animation. Of course, they can only stay this way for so long, but it was enough for Clayton. While Jim and Jennifer were freezing, he was nice and warm.

With no other choice, the Stolpas decided to head back to the truck. They fought for every step; it wasn’t long before darkness began to fall and the weather again took a turn for the worse. They knew they were not going to make it back to the vehicle that night, and decided to rest for a while. But where? In the fading light they saw nothing but snow-clad hills. So they sought shelter under some brush in the lee of a hill, threw a sleeping bag over their bodies, and rested as best they could against the onslaught of cold that came with night.

A much better option would have been for the Stolpas to anticipate their needs beforehand and actively seek out a place to spend the night. That way, they could have fashioned a shelter, maybe even made a fire to keep themselves warm. The truck’s hubcap likely would have proven useful in helping them dig themselves a nice shelter in the snow. But they were still reacting to the situation instead of taking proactive measures, and it cost them dearly. When morning dawned, they were encouraged to find that the wind and snow had stopped, but another obstacle now stood between them and rescue. When Jennifer tried to stand up, she fell immediately to the ground. She knew with every ounce of her being that the only way to survive was to walk, yet her body would not cooperate. Then, not far away, Jim spotted a shallow cave tucked into the base of a hill. It wasn’t much, but all three Stolpas fit comfortably inside, and it afforded a bit of protection from the elements. After the hell of the previous evening, the cave seemed downright luxurious.

Decision time. Jennifer did not have the strength to continue, but they knew their chance of being rescued from the cave was even slimmer than it had been back at the truck. Jim finally realized what he had to do. He had to make his way, alone, back to the truck, then head in the other direction—west—toward Cedarville, the last populated town they had passed while driving. Coming to grips with the fact that you’ve gone the wrong way and must retrace your steps is humbling and often demoralizing. It may help to know that you are trying to better your situation. Accepting that you’ve made a huge mistake is one of the toughest survival mentalities to have to deal with.

Before heading out, Jim faced reality with his wife. Cedarville was fifty miles from the truck. If he was lucky, help would find its way back to the cave in three days. It was a frighteningly long time, but Jim knew that staying in the cave meant eventual death for the family. He had no choice. He left their few remaining scraps of food with Jenn and Clayton, along with the sleeping bags and blankets, and headed out again into the snow. The last thing he did before setting out at around 9 a.m. was to tie a colorful sweatshirt to a small tree outside the cave to mark the location. It was a smart move.

Finally, after all those days alone, the Stolpas made a good decision. Jenn obviously didn’t have the strength to continue on foot, and exposing Clayton to the elements would have been very risky. So it made complete sense to leave them sheltered. Nevertheless, it was still a decision based on their own pathetic situation, brought about only by their inability to be proactive. This is what I find most difficult about the Stolpas’ ordeal. It seems as if almost everything they did was a reaction to the consequences of their own poor decision making: deciding to undertake the trip at all, deciding not to have Jim go out for help on the first day, deciding to stay in the truck for so long, deciding to head out into the unknown instead of back toward the known. Jim was desperate, but motivated by his now-overwhelming desire to save Jenn and little Clay. Finally, it seemed his will to live was kicking into overdrive. It was almost as if Jim and Jenn functioned better independently, since they made horrible decisions when they were together. From them on, Jim turned into what he would later describe as a walking machine.

Like so many survivors, Jim sang songs as he walked, both to keep himself company and keep his pace. Although the temperatures were dangerously low and Jim’s hands and feet were freezing, he could have helped his situation by wiggling them as he moved, which would have increased blood flow.

Jim fought to stay awake as he trudged through the snow, knowing that if he fell asleep, he might never wake again. For many survivors, having a nap in the bright sunshine of the day often seems like a good idea, until you consider that this is the time when rescuers are most likely out looking for you. Sleeping will also cause your core temperature to drop, increasing the risk of hypothermia. Jim hiked all day and eventually found his way back to the truck that night. Unfortunately, the battery was dead and he was not able to start the engine. But the truck provided at least some shelter for Jim to get a bit of sleep.

As the seventh day of their survival ordeal dawned, Jim set out again, this time to the west, back down the fateful road they had driven on a week ago. He was more than fifty miles from the nearest town, had no food or water, was woefully underdressed for the weather, and had hardly rested for days. Yet the thoughts of his infant child and wife dying out in the desert motivated him to push on at any cost.

Incredibly, Jim stumbled along County Road 8A for almost twenty-four consecutive hours, frozen and cold, but fueled by the knowledge that he was the only hope for his wife and child. He would later say that one of the most difficult things he had to face during this time was loneliness and isolation, two very dangerous emotions during a survival situation, because they can bring on more negative thoughts, which may ultimately lead to depression. And when people feel depressed, they start to give up. Their focus shifts from improving their situation to convincing themselves there is nothing to be done. But it doesn’t have to be this way. Defeating this misery rests squarely on your ability to be proactive and do something, anything, to better your situation.

By the time Wednesday morning, January 6, rolled around, Jim was near the end. His strength was sapped and frostbite had taken hold of his hands and feet. He had even started to hallucinate the sound of Jennifer’s voice around him. Then, sometime shortly before noon, when all hope seemed lost, he looked up and saw what he thought was another illusion. A truck in the distance!

David Peterson, a supervisor with the Washoe County Road Department, first thought Jim was a cow out of pasture, but soon realized his dire predicament. Jim was covered in snow, his hands and feet were frozen, and he was ravenously hungry and dehydrated. But after walking some sixty miles though the snowbound desert, Jim had made it—alive. The only thing left to do was rescue Jenn and Clayton from the cave.

Preventing Frostbite

As Jim and Jennifer would learn the hard way, trudging through the snow with improper clothing is an invitation for frostbite, the process by which human tissue freezes after prolonged exposure to extreme cold. No part of your body is more vulnerable to frostbite than your extremities: hands, feet, and face.

Turn-of-the-century explorers treated frostbite by rubbing the affected area with snow, a strategy we now know to cause more harm than good. A much better approach is to immerse the affected area in cool water, a very painful—but necessary—process.

Don’t ever thaw out frostbitten flesh if there’s a chance it may be refrozen again soon. Freezing, thawing, and refreezing will cause even more damage to the tissue.

Although many people confuse the two, frostbite is distinct from hypothermia, a condition that occurs when core body temperature drops below 95°F (35°C), which is required for normal metabolism and body functions.

David took Jim back to his house and began to organize the search, an uncertain undertaking given that yet more snow was in the forecast. After providing detailed information regarding the location of the cave, Jim was taken to a hospital in Cedarville. Meanwhile, David and his friends headed out in search of mother and child. They searched for hours, to no avail

hen, shortly after 5 p.m., one of the men saw something odd in the distance, a flash of color on the otherwise bleak horizon. It was Jim’s sweatshirt. They approached the cave cautiously, worried about what they would find inside, but were relieved to hear Jenn answer their calls. They were cold and hungry, but alive. The family was reunited several hours later at the hospital in Cedarville.

The following day, the young family was transported by ambulance to Washoe Medical Center in Reno, Nevada. Amazingly, baby Clayton suffered little from the ordeal, other than from severe dehydration and diaper rash. During their time in the cave, Jennifer had nursed Clayton often, but felt she wasn’t producing much milk for the infant. To keep Clayton hydrated, she had taken to drooling melted snow into his mouth. She also used bits of clothing to soak up water from the small puddles that had formed in the rocky crevices around her. From what I can tell, they were the best decisions she made during the ordeal.

Yet where Jennifer fell short was in keeping herself active and warm. Even if she found it impossible to walk, she could have turned to the muscle tensing/relaxing technique I often use in cold-weather situations, which is incredibly effective at warming the core. It shows that moving and generating blood flow is the best way to stay warm in cold-weather situations.

There was nothing that could be done for their feet, though. Jim and Jenn’s trek through the frozen desert had taken its toll on their extremities, especially their toes and feet, which suffered third- and fourth-degree frostbite. Two weeks later, Jim and Jennifer had all their toes and parts of their feet amputated.

Jim & Jennifer Stolpa

ELEMENTS OF SURVIVAL

Knowledge 10%

Luck 60%

Kit 5%

Will to Live 25%

The Stolpas had little else on their side other than luck. Knowledge was minimal, which I find surprising in light of Jim’s military training. Their kit was woefully inadequate, a difficult shortcoming to forgive, since they knew what they were getting themselves into. Their will to live started out fairly weak, but finally kicked into gear when they thought Clayton might have died in the suit bag. Luck saw them get stranded on a road instead of the middle of the wilderness, helped them find the cave when they did, and ultimately brought Jim in contact with his rescuer, David Peterson. This is a case where the joined additive forces of good luck and will to live came to the rescue